Computer Generation
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
- First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
- Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
- Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
- Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
- Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes
First Generation Computers were working during the 1940-1956 with proper maintenance of Vacuum Tubes on those computers. Vacuum Tubes most useful to process the data in memory. First generation computers use more power from electricity and that produce high heat. Those devices vulnerable to the attacks and get malfunctions. First generation computers perform several operations bit those take more time due to the simple programming skills. Those types of computers take the input from punched cads and give output to the users on screens. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer design with vacuums tubes in first generation in U.S that developed to use at U.S. census Bureau.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors
Second Generation computers were working in between the 1956-1963 with Transistors. It little bit better than first generation computers. Actually, this type invented in the year of 1947 but that came to existence after 1950. The size of the computers decreases than first generation and available with cheap cost. Second-generation computers maintain binary and assembly level languages. The famous high level languages COBOL, FORTRAN and etc developed in second generation computers. Second generation computers designed for atomic energy industry.
Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits
Third generation computers were working during the 1964-1971 with Integrated Circuits those IC’s placed at the place of transistors. IC’s maintain transistors along with the silicon chips and semiconductors. They can increase the system performance and efficiency. This generation computers use keyboard and Operating system those provide high efficiency to the users.
Fourth Generation Computers: Microprocessors
Fourth generation computers are working from 1971 that work with the Microprocessors. It consists of several IC’s and places them in single environment to complete operations quickly. It has proper input and output controls so, number of people are working with fourth generation computers. This generation design by the IBM Company in 1981 and Apple Company by 1984. Fourth generation computers occupy limited space.
Fifth Generation Computer: Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computers are in designing mode with Artificial Intelligence technology. The major applications will go to install in fifth generation computers those are voice reorganization techniques and parallel processing techniques. Those may be useful to the nano technology, quantum technology and etc. Fifth generation computing devices offer self learning and self-organization features to the users.
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